Character head construction

Draw this in a short bond paper (1p age/step) to be submitted to sir Jaypee not later than TODAY!

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Medical Transcription-Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin

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Introduction to skin

Human skin is considered to be the largest organ of the body. The surface area of the skin on an average adult is 1.8 m², and represents 16% of the total body weight. The thickness of the skin varies throughout the body. It depends on how much use we make of that area. For example, because we use our feet for walking, it is thickest on the soles of our feet. We use our hands for doing many everyday tasks such as picking up things and writing, so it is also thick on our palms.

The skin is a multifunctional organ. It is divided into two main layers, the dermis and epidermis. The image shows a microscopic cross-section of human skin.

What does skin do?

Thermoregulation

The skin helps us to maintain our body temperature. When we are hot, there is vasodilation (widening of blood vessels) at the skin surface. This cools us down by allowing more heat to escape. When we are cold, there is constriction (narrowing of blood vessels). This allows less heat to escape, helping conserve heat.

Metabolism

When we are hot or exercising, sweat glands in our skin excrete water salts and proteins. Once on the surface of the skin, sweat evaporates into the air. This cools the skin and helps us control our body temperature.

Sensation

There are many nerve endings and receptors that sense changes in the skin. This allows us to feel everyday objects, feel pain, determine hot from cold and also sense pressure.

Protection

As the skin covers our whole body and is a continuous layer, it acts as a barrier and protects the body from injury and infection. It also shields against the sun's light and radiation and prevents us from drying up.

Synthesis of vitamin D

When exposed to the suns rays, the skin produces vitamin D3. This is essential for building strong, well shaped bones.

The epidermis

The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. This layer consists of many special cells, including keratinocytes and melanocytes. Keratinocytes are cells that make a special fat which gives skin it's waterproof properties. Melanocytes produce melanin, which is a pigment giving us the colour of our skin. This layer is continuously shed and replaced, every 15–30 days.

The epidermis is sub-divided into 5 layers.

Stratum corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis. There are many cells which are tightly packed together, This allows the skin to be tough and waterproof. This layer is important in the prevention of invasion from foreign things, such as bugs and bacteria.

Stratum lucidum

This layer contains several clear and flat dead cells. It is a tough layer and is found in thickened skin, including the palms of the hand and soles of the feet.

Stratum granulosum

The stratum granulosum is composed of 3 to 4 layers of cells. Here, keratin is formed, which is a colourless protein important for skin strength.

Stratum spinosum

This layer contains cells that change shape from columnar to polygonal. Keratin is also produced here.

Stratum basale

This layer is the deepest layer of the epidermis, in which many cells are active and dividing. The stratum basale is separated from the next layer – the dermis – by a basement membrane, which is a layer made of collagen and proteins.

The dermis

The dermis is the second major layer of the skin. It is a thick layer made up of strong connective tissues. It is further divided into two levels – the upper is made of loose connective tissue, called the papillary region, and the lower layer is made of tissue that is more closely packed, called the reticular layer. The dermis is made up of a matrix of collagen, elastin and network of capillaries and nerves. The collagen gives the skin its strength, the elastin maintains its elasticity and the capillary network supplies nutrients to the different layers of the skin. The dermis also contains a number of specialised cells and structures.

These include: hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands (produce sebum which helps lubricate skin & hair) and nails.

It also plays an important part in controlling our skin temperature and acts as a cushion against mechanical injury. When injured the dermis heals through the formation of granulation tissue (a tissue rich in new blood vessels and many different cells). This tissue helps pull the edges of a cut or wound back together. It takes our body from 3 days to 3 weeks to form this tissue.

Reference

1. Ross MH, Kaye GI, Pawlina W. Histology: A text and atlas (4th edition). USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003.
2. Saladin KS. Anatomy and Physiology: The unity of form and function (3rd edition). USA: McGraw Hill; 2004.
3. Kumar P, Clark M. Clinical Medicine (5th edition). United Kingdom: WB Saunders; 2002.
4. Revis DR, Seagle MB. Skin anatomy [online]. E-medicine; 2006 [cited 7 March 2006]. Available from URL:http://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic389.htm
5. Moore KL, Dalley AF. Clinically Orientated Anatomy (4th edition). Canada: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999.
6. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Robbins SL, Cotran RS. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (7th edition). China: Elseiver Saunders; 2005.

Midterm Examination on 2D Animation

This will be your Midterm Examination in 2D Animation.

Video and lecture presentation on Taking Pulse

Video Lesson on How to take Pulse

Answer the following questions:

1. What is Pulse?

2. What is an average pulse of an adult?

3. Which parts of the body you can take a pulse?

4. Based on the video lesson, list the procedure of taking pulse.

Note: Answers must be typewritten and printed in a letter size bond paper (8.5"x11") and must be submitted on Friday.

______________________________

Discussion...

How To Take A Pulse

What is a pulse?

A pulse is the beat you can feel against the wall of an artery when your heart beats. The pulse is the same as the heart rate. The normal adult pulse is 60 to 100 beats a minute. Arteries are the vessels that carry blood from the heart to different parts of your body. It is easier to feel the pulse in arteries that come close to the skin. There are several arteries in your body that can be used to feel a pulse. Following are the most common arteries for counting your pulse.

• Radial . This artery is located on the inside of the wrist near the side of your thumb.
  
  
• Carotid . This artery is found on the neck between the wind pipe and neck muscle, and just under the lower jaw bone.

Why do you need to take your pulse?

Your caregiver may want you to check your pulse because of an illness, such as heart disease. Some medicines you may be taking can change your pulse rate.

How to take a radial (ra-d-ull) pulse:

The radial artery is found close to the inside part of your wrist near your thumb. You will need a watch with a second hand to count your pulse. The following steps may help you take your radial pulse.

• Bend your elbow with your arm at your side. The palm of your hand should be up.
  
  
• Using your middle (long) and index (pointer) fingers, gently feel for the radial artery inside your wrist. You will feel the radial pulse beating when you find it. Do not use your thumb to take the pulse because it has a pulse of its own.
  
  
• Count your radial pulse for a full minute (60 seconds). Notice if your pulse has a strong or weak beat.
  
  
• Write down your pulse rate, the date, time, and what wrist (right or left) was used to take the pulse. Also write down anything you notice about your pulse, such as it being weak, strong, or missing beats.
  
  
• The radial artery is an easy artery to use when checking your heart rate during or after exercise.

How to take a carotid (kuh-rah-tud) pulse:

Your carotid arteries are found on the outer part of the right and left side of your neck. You will need a watch with a second hand to count your carotid pulse. The following steps may help you take your carotid pulse.

• Using your middle (long) and index (pointer) fingers, gently feel the carotid artery on either side of your neck. Do not press down on both arteries at the same time. You will feel the carotid pulse beating when you find it. Do not use your thumb to take the pulse because it has a pulse of its own.
  
  
• Count your carotid pulse for a full minute (60 seconds).
  
  
• Write down your pulse rate and the date, and time it was taken. Notice if your pulse has a strong or weak beat. Also write down anything you notice about your pulse, such as it being weak, strong, or missing beats.
  
  
• The carotid artery is an easy artery to use when checking your heart rate during or after exercise.

How to take an apical (a-pih-kull) pulse:

The apical pulse is your heart rate when counted with a stethoscope (steth-uh-skop) placed over your heart. A watch with a second hand will be needed to take your apical pulse. The following steps may help you take your apical pulse.

• You should sit up or lie down.
  
  
• Put the tips of the stethoscope into your ears.
  
  
• Place the diaphragm (disk part) of the stethoscope over your heart. Your heart is found in the middle of your chest and toward the left side.
  
  
• Count the beats for a full minute (60 seconds) when you hear your heartbeat. Notice if your heartbeat sounds strong, weak, or missing beats.
  
  
• Write down your apical pulse rate and the date and time that your pulse was taken. Also write down if you feel your heartbeat is not beating as it usually does.

Care:

You or someone else will be taught how to take your pulse rate. Caregivers will tell you how often your pulse should be taken. You may need to take your pulse right before taking a medicine. It is important to write down the pulse rate each time it is taken. You will be told when to call your caregiver about your pulse rate.

Do's and Don'ts:

Keep a written list of what medicines you take and when and why you take them. Ask your caregiver for information about your medicine. Do not take any medicines, over-the-counter drugs, vitamins, herbs, or food supplements without first talking to caregivers. Always take your medicine as directed by caregivers. If you are taking medicine that makes you drowsy, do not drive or use heavy equipment.

How many times a day should you take your pulse rate?

Your caregiver will tell you how many times and how you should take your pulse rate. Carefully follow your caregiver's instructions

Wellness hints:

• Eat healthy foods from all of the 5 food groups: fruits, vegetables, breads, dairy products, meat and fish. Eating healthy foods may help you feel better and have more energy. It may also help you heal faster. . Ask your caregiver if you need to be on a special diet.
  
  
• Drink 6 to 8 (soda pop can size) glasses of liquid each day. Or, follow your caregiver's advice if you must limit the amount of liquid you drink. Good liquids to drink are water, juices, and milk. Limit the amount of caffeine you drink, such as coffee, tea, and soda.
  
  
• Talk to your caregiver before you start exercising. Together you can plan the best exercise program for you. It is best to start slowly and do more as you get stronger. Exercising makes the heart stronger, lowers blood pressure, and keeps you healthy.
  
  
• It is never too late to quit smoking if you smoke. Smoking harms the heart, lungs, and the blood. You are more likely to have a heart attack, lung disease, and cancer if you smoke. You will help yourself and those around you by not smoking. Ask your caregiver for the CareNotes™ handout on how to stop smoking if you are having trouble quitting.
  
  
• Stress may slow healing and cause illness later. Since it is hard to avoid stress, learn to control it. Learn new ways to relax (deep breathing, relaxing muscles, meditation, or biofeedback). Talk to your caregiver about things that upset you.

Answer the following questions:
NOTE: Copy the questions. ALL ANSWERS MUST BE HANDWRITTEN in a yellow pad paper (do not write at the back of it. It will also be submitted on Friday.)

1. What are the two most common arteries for taking pulse? Draw and illustrate your answers.

2. What are the procedures in taking Carotid Pulse?

3. What are the procedures in taking Radial Pulse?

4. How do you take an Apical Pulse?

5. Illustrate what are the Wellness Hints given in the discussion? (DRAW YOUR ANSWER and describe it)

On line Medical Transcription No.1

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Rules on Punctuation


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Rules on Articles

Principles of Animation

REMEMBER: there are a number of ways to start the process of learning animation. One is to buy books and teach yourself. The Bible of the industry is the "Illusion of Life" by Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston. The information and drawings in this book make it worth the fifty dollars or more that you will pay for it. These 12 principles became the gospel according to the nine old men of animation that worked with Walt Disney in founding the industry that you see today. Don't just read it; memorize it, learn it and use it every time you draw. There is no short cut for skills and knowledge. It all starts will heart and desire; do you have it?




Example of Squash and Stretch

History of Animation

History of Animation Part 1


History of Animation Part 2


History of Animation Part 3